Schwartz’s revival was originally commissioned in 2004 by Mark Porter for the redesign of The Guardian, but not used.

So rather than trying to rethink Helvetica or improve on current digital versions, this was more of a restoration project: bringing Miedinger’s original Neue Haas Grotesk back to life with as much fidelity to his original shapes and spacing as possible (albeit with the addition of kerning, an expensive luxury in handset type).” “Much of the warm personality of Miedinger’s shapes was lost along the way. In the 1980s Neue Helvetica was produced as a rationalized, standardized version.įor Christian Schwartz, the assignment to design a digital revival of Neue Haas Grotesk was an occasion to set history straight. During the transition from metal to phototypesetting, Helvetica underwent additional modifications. For instance, the matrices for Regular and Bold had to be of equal widths, and therefore the Bold was redrawn at a considerably narrower proportion. The typeface was soon revised and released as Helvetica by Linotype AG.Īs Neue Haas Grotesk had to be adapted to work on Linotype’s hot metal linecasters, Linotype Helvetica was in some ways a radically transformed version of the original. Neue Haas Grotesk was to be the answer to the British and German grotesques that had become hugely popular thanks to the success of functionalist Swiss typography. The biology of parasitoidism has inspired science fiction authors and scriptwriters to create numerous parasitoidal aliens that kill their human hosts, such as the alien species in Ridley Scott's 1979 film Alien.The first weights of Neue Haas Grotesk were designed in 1957-1958 by Max Miedinger for the Haas’sche Schriftgiesserei in Switzerland, with art direction by the company’s principal, Eduard Hoffmann. Some of these, usually but not only wasps, are used in biological pest control. Other parasitoids are in the Diptera, Coleoptera and other orders of endopterygote insects. Most are in the Hymenoptera, where the ichneumons and many other parasitoid wasps are highly specialised for a parasitoidal way of life. Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the insect order of endopterygote, whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for a split lifestyle, with parasitoid larvae and freeliving adults. Some parasitoids influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (endoparasitism), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and living outside it (ectoparasitism). Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. It has been picked up by major pop artists like House has had and still has a huge impact on pop music in general and dance music in particular. During the years, it has spawned numerous subgenres, such as acid house, deep house, garage house, hip house, ghetto house, progressive house, tech house, electro house, and many more. It was originally associated with the Black American LGBT subculture but has since spread to the mainstream.įrom its beginnings in the Chicago club and local radio scene, the genre expanded internationally to London, then to other American cities such as New York City and Detroit, and has become a worldwide phenomenon ever since. Fingers, Marshall Jefferson, Phuture, and many others. The genre was pioneered by DJs and producers mainly from Chicago and New York such as Frankie Knuckles, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, Jesse Saunders, Chip E., Steve 'Silk' Hurley, Farley 'Jackmaster' Funk, Mr. As well, these DJs began to mix synth pop, rap, Latin music, and even jazz into their tracks. It was created by disc jockeys and music producers from Chicago's underground club culture in the early and mid 1980s, as DJs from the subculture began altering disco dance tracks to give them a more mechanical beat and deeper basslines. House is a genre of electronic dance music.

Neue haas unica medium